Welcome
German‑Polish cooperation
The Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation, signed on 17 June 1991, forms the basis and framework for the intensive political dialogue and intersocietal contacts between the two countries.
Germany and Poland are close partners and neighbours, with a wealth of social and political ties. Around 880,000 Polish citizens currently live in Germany; indeed, 2.2 million people of Polish descent call Germany their home. For more than two decades, Germany has been Poland’s most important trading partner by far. Lively exchange and frequent visits at the highest political level demonstrate the friendly partnership and good cooperation between the two countries. This also includes intergovernmental consultations involving the Heads of Government and ministers from both sides, most recently held in 2024 in Warsaw.
In matters of foreign and European policy, Germany and Poland coordinate particularly closely with France. Acting through the Weimar Triangle format, which serves as a bridge from West to East, we, as neighbours at the heart of Europe, generate momentum for the EU, Europe and beyond.
According to estimates, some two million people in Germany have Polish roots
The Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation of 17 June 1991 forms the basis and framework for the intensive political dialogue and intersocietal contacts between the two countries.
In 38 articles, the two countries outlined political, economic and cultural goals for cooperation, mindful of “their shared responsibility for building a new, free Europe united by human rights, democracy and the rule of law.” Together with the German-Polish Border Treaty of 1990, it formed the foundation for reconciliation, good neighbourliness, partnership and friendship between Poland and Germany following the end of the division of Europe.
Bilateral relations entered a new phase with Poland’s accession to NATO in 1999, the European Union in 2004 and the Schengen area in 2007. They were further enhanced by the complete opening of the German labour market in 2011.
Addressing the past
A responsible approach to the past forms the basis of German-Polish relations. This includes Germany’s recognition of its responsibility for the suffering of the Polish population during the Second World War, as symbolised by Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt falling to his knees at the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes during a visit to Warsaw in 1970. Reconciliation would have been inconceivable without the willingness to forgive, as expressed in the pastoral letter by Polish bishops to their German counterparts in 1965, and the willingness to renounce one’s own claims for restitution, as shown in a bulletin on Germans’ relations with their eastern neighbours by the Protestant Church in Germany during the same year.
Remembrance of the past continues to play an important role today. Speaking in Berlin on 1 September 2024, on the 85th anniversary of the outbreak of the Second World War, Federal Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock recalled the German occupation and reign of terror, as well as the millions of lives lost as a result of the invasion of Poland. On the 80th anniversary of the start of the Warsaw Uprising, Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier took part in the memorial service in Warsaw at the invitation of Polish President Andrzej Duda and Warsaw's Mayor Rafał Trzaskowski. Steinmeier delivered a speech at the official ceremony at the Monument to the Warsaw Uprising on Krasiński Square, the first Federal President to do so since 1994.
On the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, Federal President Steinmeier and Elke Büdenbender, together with representatives of Germany’s constitutional bodies, including the Federal Government, attended the central commemorative event in Oświęcim, Poland.
As another gesture of remembrance, on 30 October 2020 the German Bundestag resolved to establish a forum, at a prominent location in Berlin, dedicated to the Polish victims of the Second World War and the National Socialist occupation of Poland. This forum will serve as a place where exchange, learning and debate about German-Polish history can take place. The implementation proposal adopted by the Federal Cabinet on 26 June 2024 envisages that the “German-Polish House” will not only include a commemorative monument and an information section on the events of 1939 to 1945, but will also feature a space for education and encounter.
Young people and civil society – the key to closer relations
On the basis of the German-Polish Treaty on Good Neighbourliness numerous German-Polish institutions which have been fostering civil society contacts ever since were created, constituting a cornerstone of German-Polish friendship together with the more than 500 twinning arrangements between the two countries.
The German‑Polish Youth Office (GPYO), which was founded in 1991, has to date helped some three million young people to take part in bilateral programmes. In its coalition agreement, the current German Government reiterated the pledge to strengthen the work of the Youth Office.
Further information is available on the GPYO website.
The Foundation for German‑Polish Cooperation (FGPC), which was launched by the two Governments in 1991, is a further key institution for fostering bilateral relations. Over more than 30 years now, it has funded around 16,000 joint projects, thus strengthening the foundations of mutual understanding.
Further information is available on the FGPC website.
The two countries’ close links in the field of higher education, science and research are sustained by numerous institutions such as the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the German-Polish Science Foundation, which is based on a bilateral governmental agreement. In 2020, a total of 2198 students, graduates, researchers and other university staff from both countries obtained funding from the DAAD. Of these, 1964 were receiving funding for the first time; 433 were from Poland and 1765 from Germany. Since 1953, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation has awarded more than 1300 Humboldt Research Fellowships and Humboldt Research Awards enabling people from Poland to spend time in Germany, as well as Feodor Lynen Research Fellowships for Germans going to Poland.
More information can be found on the websites of the DAAD, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and (in German or Polish only) the German-Polish Science Foundation.
On the basis of the German-Polish Treaty on Good Neighbourliness of 1991, the two Governments award the German-Polish Prize to individuals and organisations in recognition of their various activities. Previous prize holders include such prominent individuals and organisations as Władysław Bartoszewski, Marion Dönhoff and the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation. It is endowed with 20,000 euro, and the next prize is expected to be awarded at the upcoming German-Polish Forum in 2025.
Intergovernmental Commission – overcoming borders
The German‑Polish Intergovernmental Commission for Regional and Cross‑Border Cooperation is an important partner when it comes to shaping relations with Poland. It convened for the first time in Görlitz in April 1991 and meets once a year, alternately in Germany and Poland. The German co-chair is held by Ambassador Catalina Cullas, Director for Relations with EU Member States, Cross-Border and Regional Cooperation, EU External Affairs. Her Polish counterpart is Paweł Dąbrowski, Director of the Department for International Affairs at the Ministry of the Interior and Administration of the Republic of Poland.
The Intergovernmental Commission has three focal areas: (a) fostering cooperation between regional, municipal and other institutions, associations and facilities, (b) sparking initiatives by making recommendations and (c) communicating information. Four committees support the work of the Intergovernmental Commission in the following areas: cross-border cooperation, regional planning, interregional cooperation and education. The most recent meeting of the Intergovernmental Commission was held in Szczecin on 4 and 5 December 2024. The next meeting is planned for 2025, when it will be Germany’s turn to act as host. Germany and Poland also work closely together in expanded formats. For example, Germany, Poland and France consult regularly on foreign and European policy issues within the framework of the Weimar Triangle, which was founded in August 1991 by the three countries’ Foreign Ministers.
Borders divide – the Oder unites
The wide range of crossborder cooperation between Germany and Poland is reflected in the more than 500 town twinnings, three double cities (Guben/Gubin, Görlitz/Zgorzelec and Frankfurt (Oder)/Słubice) and four euroregions (Pro Europa Viadrina, Euroregion Spree-Neiße-Bober, Euroregion Pomerania, Euroregion Neiße (trilateral with Czechia)). The Länder Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the Free State of Saxony and the western Polish Voivodeships Greater Poland, West Pomerania, Lower Silesia and Lubusz located along the Oder have joined forces to form an informal network known as the Oder Partnership.